Vol. 57 No. 11 Thursday, January 16, 1992 p 1984 (Proposed Rule)
Vol. 57 No. 11 Thursday, January 16, 1992 p 1984 (Proposed Rule)
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
40 CFR Part 82
[FRL-4092-4]
RIN 2060-AD48
Protection of Stratospheric Ozone
AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
ACTION: Request for data and advance notice of proposed rulemaking.
SUMMARY: Today's notice presents the Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA, or the Agency) preliminary strategy for implementing
section 612 of the Clean Air Act as amended in 1990 (CAA).
Additionally,
today's notice requests producers and formulators of substitutes
for Class I ozone-depleting substances (i.e., chlorofluorocarbons,
halons, methyl chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride) and Class
II ozone-depleting substances (i.e., hydrochlorofluorocarbons),
as well as substitute equipment manufacturers, to voluntarily
provide EPA with information to facilitate the timely completion
of risk characterizations on these substitutes. These risk
characterizations
will be conducted by EPA in early 1992 to implement the Safe
Alternatives Policy under section 612. This new program will
be entitled the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program.
The Agency will use the results of the risk characterization
to develop an initial list of prohibited substitutes specific
to a use sector; a preliminary list of corresponding acceptable
substitutes will also be identified. Any substitute not reviewed
by the Agency prior to the promulgation of the rules implementing
the SNAP program (required by November 15, 1992) will need to
be submitted for review under the SNAP program once it becomes
effective. The Agency believes that the conduct of risk
characterizations
prior to the statutory deadline is essential to meet the November
deadline and to minimize any dampening effect that this section
of the CAA may have on current industry efforts to phase out
ozone-depleting substances.
DATES: Written comments on this notice must be submitted on
or before March 2, 1992. Data submitted by the responder can
be designated as confidential business information (CBI) under
40 CFR part 2, subpart B (see section VI for more detail).
ADDRESSES: Written comments should be sent to Docket A-91-42,
Central Docket Section, South Conference Room 4, Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460. The
docket may be inspected between 8 a.m. and 3:30 p.m. on weekdays.
As provided in 40 CFR part 2, a reasonable fee may be charged
for photocopying. To expedite review, a second copy of the comments
should be sent to Elaine Haemisegger, Stratospheric Ozone
Protection
Branch, Global Change Division, Office of Atmospheric and Indoor
Air Programs, Office of Air and Radiation, ANR-445, 401 M Street
SW., Washington, DC 20460. Information designated as confidential
business information (CBI) under 40 CFR part 2, subpart B must
be sent directly to the contact person for this notice.
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Elaine Haemisegger at (202)
260-9961 or Nina Bonnelycke at (202) 260-1496, Stratospheric
Ozone Protection Branch, Global Change Division, Office of
Atmospheric
and Indoor Air Programs, Office of Air and Radiation, ANR-445,
401 M Street SW., Washington, DC 20460.
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
I. Overview of Today's Notice
Today's notice is divided into seven sections, including
this overview:
II. Background
A. Regulatory History
B. Subgroup of the Federal Advisory Committee
III. Section 612 Requirements
A. Rulemaking
B. Listing of Unacceptable Substitutes
C. Petition Process
D. 90-Day Notification
IV. Section 612 Implementation
A. Guiding Principles
B. Risk Characterizations
C. SNAP/Premanufacture Notice (PMN) Overlap
D. Schedule for Rulemaking
V. Data Requested
A. Objective
B. Responders
C. Information Needs
VI. Confidential Business Information
VII. Paperwork Reduction Act
References
Appendix A: List of Class I and Class II Substances
II. Background
A. Regulatory History
On September 16, 1987, the United States and 23 other nations
signed the Montreal Protocol. The original agreement set forth
a timetable for reducing the production and consumption of specific
ozone-depleting substances, including CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-113,
CFC-114, CFC-115, Halon-1211, Halon-1301, and Halon-2402. EPA
implemented the original Protocol through regulations allocating
production and consumption allowances equal to the total amount
of production and consumption the United States was allowed
under the Protocol (see final rule promulgated on August 12,
1988-53 FR 30566) and subsequent minor revisions and amendments
promulgated on February 9 (54 FR 6376), April 3 (54 FR 13502),
July 5 (54 FR 26062), and July 12 (54 FR 29337) of 1989, and
February 13 (54 FR 5007), June 14 (55 FR 24490), and June 22
(55 FR 25812) of 1990.
The parties to the Montreal Protocol met in London on June
27-29, 1990 to consider amendments to the Protocol. In response
to scientific evidence indicating greater than expected
stratospheric
ozone depletion, the Parties agreed to accelerate the phaseout
schedules for the substances already controlled by the Protocol.
They also added phaseout requirements for other ozone-depleting
chemicals, including methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride,
and other fully-halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
On November 15, 1990, Congress enacted the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990. Title VI of the CAA requires a phaseout
of CFCs, halons, and carbon tetrachloride by 2000, which is
identical to the London Amendments, but with more stringent
interim reductions. Title VI differs from the London Amendments
by mandating a faster phaseout of methyl chloroform (2002 instead
of 2005), a restriction on the use of hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) after 2015, and a ban on the production of HCFCs after
2030. In title VI, the CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and
methyl chloroform are defined as Class I substances; HCFCs are
referred to as Class II substances. Appendix A lists the Class
I and Class II substances.
In addition to the phaseout requirements, title VI includes
provisions to reduce emissions of Class I and Class II substances
to the "lowest achievable level" in all use sectors. It also
requires EPA to: Ban nonessential products; establish standards
and requirements for the servicing of motor vehicle air
conditioners;
mandate warning labels on products made with or containing Class
I or Class II substances; and establish a safe alternatives
program.
B. Subgroup of the Federal Advisory Committee
EPA has established a subgroup of the standing Stratospheric
Ozone Protection Advisory Committee (STOPAC) to provide the
Agency with guidance on the development of the safe alternatives
program. In 1989, EPA organized the STOPAC in accordance with
the requirements of the Federal Advisory Committee Act, 5 U.S.C.
App. section 9(c). The STOPAC consists of members selected on
the basis of their professional qualifications and diversity
of perspectives and provides balanced representation from the
following sectors: Industry and business; academic and educational
institutions; Federal, state, and local government agencies;
non-government and environmental groups; and international
organizations.
Since its formation, the STOPAC has provided advice and counsel
to the Agency on policy and technical issues related to the
protection of the stratospheric ozone layer.
In 1991, members were asked to participate in subgroups of
the STOPAC to assist the Agency in developing regulations under
title VI of the CAA. To date, the subgroup on safe alternatives
has met once to review a detailed overview of EPA's ideas on
implementation of section 612. At this meeting, there was general
agreement on the need to develop a data request to provide the
general public with an opportunity to provide the Agency with
information on substitutes. The group supported the need to
review substitutes as quickly as possible to avoid any slowdown
in industry's efforts to phase out of ozone-depleting substances.
III. Section 612 Requirements
Section 612 requires EPA to develop a program for evaluating
safe alternatives. EPA is referring to this new program as the
Significant New Alternatives Program (SNAP). There are four
major provisions of section 612, as summarized below.
A. Rulemaking
Section 612(c) requires EPA to enact rules by November 15,
1992 making it unlawful to replace any Class I or Class II
substance
with any substitute that the Administrator determines may present
adverse effects to human health or the environment where an
alternative has been identified that (1) reduces the overall
risk to human health and the environment, and (2) is currently
or potentially available.
B. Listing of Unacceptable Substitutes
Section 612(c) also requires EPA to publish a list of the
substitutes prohibited for specific uses. EPA must also publish
a list of acceptable alternatives for those prohibited substances.
C. Petition Process
Section 612(d) allows any person to petition EPA to add or
delete a substance from the list published in accordance with
section 612(c). The Agency has 90 days to grant or deny a petition.
The petitioner must supply all information needed by the Agency
to make a decision.
D. 90-day Notification
Any person who produces a chemical substitute for a Class
I substance must notify the Agency not less than 90 days before
new or existing chemicals are introduced into interstate commerce
for significant new uses as substitutes for a Class I substance.
The producer must also provide the Agency with all unpublished
health and safety studies on such substitutes.
IV. Implementation of Section 612
This section provides EPA's current thoughts regarding the
implementation of section 612. This section discusses: Guiding
principles for the SNAP program; the role of risk characterization
in the SNAP program; the overlap between SNAP and the new chemicals
review that is currently performed under section 5 of the Toxic
Substances Control Act (TSCA); and the anticipated schedule
for completing the proposed and final rulemaking for section
612. The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for the SNAP program
will develop the implementation strategy more fully.
A. Guiding Principles
EPA has identified several guiding principles it will consider
in developing the SNAP program, as discussed below.
1. Evaluate Substitutes Within a Comparative Risk Framework
In evaluating each substitute, section 612 requires that
the health and environmental risks be assessed comprehensively.
This "overall risk" characterization will consider such factors
as: Toxicity and exposure-both human health and ecological;
chlorine loadings; ozone-depletion potential; global-warming
potential; and flammability. To the extent possible, each of
these factors will be quantified. The Agency does not believe
that a scheme should be developed to numerically weight the
risks quantified for each factor, thereby producing one index
by which all substitutes can be ranked and evaluated. There
are numerous complexities in the design of such a weighting
scheme. Furthermore, a quantitative index may not allow for
sufficient flexibility in making appropriate risk management
decisions that may need to consider other issues, such as the
quality of information, the degree of uncertainty in the data,
the availability of other substitutes, and economic feasibility.
Economic feasibility must be assessed to ensure that the
initial list of acceptable substitutes includes alternatives
that are affordable in the near term. Economics must also be
considered in evaluating new substitutes against alternatives
that were previously identified as acceptable. The Agency believes
that such an examination will help to minimize uncertainty in
the marketplace and encourage many to substitute sooner rather
than later.
2. Evaluate Substitute Risks in Context
Each substitute must be evaluated in the context of (1) the
risks the substitute is replacing (i.e., the risks of continued
use of the Class I of Class II substance) and (2) the risks
from other substitutes.
3. Evaluate Risks by Use
Section 612 requires that substitutes be evaluated by use.
Environmental and human health exposures can vary significantly
depending on the particular application of a substitute. Thus,
the risk characterizations must be designed to provide data
on the environmental and human-health impacts associated with
different use profiles.
4. Provide the Regulated Community with Information as Soon
as Possible
While the SNAP regulation must be issued by November 15,
1992, the Agency recognizes the need to provide the regulated
community with information on the acceptability of various
substitutes
as soon as possible. Given this need, EPA has decided to expedite
the review process by conducting risk characterizations up front
for those substitutes known to the Agency. The results of the
risk characterizations will be used, as discussed in the next
section, to make determinations regarding the acceptability
of the substitutes. The initial lists of acceptable and prohibited
substitutes will be published simultaneously with the proposed
rulemaking for the SNAP program.
5. Develop Lists of Unacceptable Substitutes
The goal of the SNAP program is to prohibit substitutes that
are "unacceptable." The Agency does not believe it is either
feasible or appropriate to certify substitutes as "safe." The
Agency also does not want to intercede in the choice of available
substitutes, unless an acceptable substitute has been proposed
or is being used.
6. Restrict Only Those Substitutes That Are Significantly Worse
EPA does not intend to restrict substitutes that are acceptable,
but may be marginally worse on some criteria. Drawing fine
distinctions
concerning the acceptability of substitutes would be extremely
difficult given the likely uncertainties that exist and the
broad range of diverse impacts.
B. Risk Characterizations
This section reviews EPA's objectives in conducting the risk
characterizations. It also describes the types of substitutes,
factors, and use sectors that will be examined in the risk
assessments.
1. Objectives
As mentioned earlier in this notice, the objectives in
completing
the risk characterizations are to: Disseminate information to
industry as quickly as possible on acceptable substitutes; meet
the statutory requirements and implementation deadline of November
15, 1992 for section 612; and help develop the analytical framework
for evaluating substitutes under the SNAP program.
The Agency will use the results of the risk characterizations
to prohibit unacceptable substitutes and to identify the
corresponding
acceptable substitutes. These determinations will be published
simultaneously with the proposed and final regulations for the
SNAP program. Any substitute not reviewed by the Agency prior
to the promulgation of the rules implementing the SNAP program
will need to be submitted for review under the SNAP program
once it becomes effective. The Agency believes that the near-
term risk assessment activities will support industry's ongoing
phaseout efforts and will ensure the efficient implementation
of the SNAP program. The risk characterizations will also help
EPA specify more precisely the types of information that will
need to be submitted to complete a substitute review under the
SNAP program. EPA's preliminary assessment of data needs for
the risk characterizations is included in today's notice (section
V) and will be refined for inclusion in the Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking for the SNAP program.
2. Substitutes To Be Evaluated
Based on the language included in the statement of policy
in section 612 (a), the Agency believes that a substitute refers
to any chemical, product substitute, or alternative manufacturing
process that serves as a replacement for a Class I or Class
II substance. While subsequent sections refer only to "substitute
substances" or "substitute chemicals," EPA interprets these
provisions in section 612 as incorporating the general definition
of substitute presented in section 612 (a). Furthermore, section
612 (e) clearly states that a substitute can be either existing
or new. This definition of a substitute should be used in
responding
to today's request for information on substitutes.
Section 612 (c) is also clear that a substitute may be currently
or potentially available. However, the list of acceptable
substitutes
must include alternatives that are available in the near term
to support and accelerate industry's ongoing efforts to phase
out ozone-depleting substances.
3. Key Factors
The risk characterizations will address several factors,
including: Chlorine loadings; ozone-depletion potential; toxicity
to human health and ecosystems; air, water, and solid/hazardous
waste impacts; exposure to workers, consumers, the general
population,
and ecosystems; flammability; and global warming potential.
Where possible, these risk characterizations will quantify
separately
each of these endpoints. The risk assessments will also include
information on the incremental costs and benefits associated
with use of the substitutes.
4. Key Use Sectors
As discussed above, section 612 requires EPA to identify
unacceptable substitutes by use category. To this end, the Agency
will be developing risk characterizations for several key use
sectors. For the purpose of today's notice, EPA is defining
a use sector as an application in which an ozone-depleting
substance
is utilized. The most important uses of CFCs, HCFCs, halons,
and methyl chloroform are found in:
Automotive air conditioners
Commercial air conditioning (e.g., reciprocating, screw,
and centrifugal chillers)
Home heat pumps and air conditioners
Retail food refrigeration
Cold storage warehouses
Industrial process refrigeration (e.g., refineries, chemical
plants, ice machines, and ice rinks)
Refrigerated transport (e.g., rail cars and trucks)
Household refrigerators and freezers
Other household appliances (e.g., dehumidifiers)
Solvent cleaning (e.g., any cleaning operation involving
conveyorized vapor degreasing, open-top vapor degreasing, cold
cleaning, and dry cleaning)
Sterilization (e.g., hospitals, medical equipment, spice
fumigant, pharmaceutical, commercial R&D labs, and libraries)
Foam blowing (e.g., rigid polyurethane, rigid polyisocyanurate,
flexible polyurethane, phenolic, polypropylene, polyethylene,
polyolefin, PVC, and extruded polystyrene)
Pesticide formulations
Aerosols
Adhesives
Coatings and inks
Fire extinguishing (e.g., portable halon fire-fighting
units, total flooding halon extinguishing systems)
The majority of carbon tetrachloride (in excess of 97 percent)
is consumed as a chemical feedstock, primarily for the production
of CFC-11 and CFC-12. (1) The remaining small uses comprise
such applications as: Scrubbing liquid to recover chlorine
following
liquefaction, a diluent for nitrogen trichloride; processing
solvent for waxes, oils, and paraffins; manufacture of some
drugs and lubricants; and the processing of uranium salts and
metal alloys. EPA also requests information on (1) applications
or uses of Class I and Class II substances that have not been
identified in either section IV.B.4 or table 1 and (2) substitutes
not listed in table 1.
These uses were analyzed in the regulatory impact analysis
(RIA) that EPA completed to support the phaseout under the Clean
Air Act and will serve as a starting point for the SNAP program.
(2) Depending on the substitute and exposure information received
in response to today's notice, these use-sector designations
may be either aggregated or disaggregated. Furthermore, several
use scenarios may be added.
C. SNAP/Premanufacture Notice (PMN) Overlap
For a new chemical, the regulatory requirements under section
5 of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) remain unchanged.
Thus, EPA is considering that any new chemical-defined as any
substance not currently on the TSCA inventory-will be subject
to review both under section 5 of TSCA and section 612 of the
CAA. To expedite review under TSCA and CAA, EPA is developing
a joint review process. This process will satisfy the statutory
requirements of both laws and will ensure consistency in decisions
reached under SNAP and the premanufacture notice review program
for new chemicals. The Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for Section
612 will provide more detail on the interface between SNAP and
the new-chemical review under TSCA.
D. Schedule for Rulemaking
EPA is planning to issue a notice of proposed rulemaking
for the SNAP program by early 1992. This proposal will also
include an initial list of acceptable and unacceptable substitutes
based on the results of the risk characterizations. The final
rule for the SNAP program will be issued in the fall of 1992.
At this time, EPA will also publish its revised list of prohibited
and acceptable substitutes. Any substitute not reviewed by the
Agency prior to the promulgation of the rules implementing the
SNAP program will need to be submitted for review under the
SNAP program once it becomes effective.
V. Data Requested
A. Objective
As mentioned above, the purpose of today's notice is to elicit
the voluntary submission of information on substitutes for Class
I or Class II substances. Listed below are the specific types
of data that will be helpful to the Agency in completing the
risk characterizations. However, any available data on these
factors will be considered by the Agency. Data submitted in
response to this voluntary request can be designated as
confidential
business information (CBI) under 40 CFR, part 2, subpart B (see
section VI for more detail).
B. Responders
For the purpose of today's notice, the Agency is inviting
all producers and formulators of Class I or Class II substitute
products, chemicals, and processes, as well as equipment
manufacturers,
to submit readily available data on alternatives. If respondents
are aware of submissions that are being made by their trade
associations in response to today's notice, and this information
sufficiently addresses substitutes that they are using, there
is no need for additional data to be submitted. Moreover, users
of Class I and II substances that believe they have a unique
or unusual substitute that is not being supplied to them expressly
for use as a Class I or II substitute are requested to report
this information.
To minimize the amount of reporting, the Agency has identified,
by use sector, those substitutes for which it has already collected
data (see table 1). EPA invites respondents to submit information
on the substitutes listed in table 1 if the respondent has new
information. It also requests information on (1) applications
or uses of Class I and Class II substances that have not been
identified in either Section IV.B.4 or table 1 and (2) substitutes
not listed in table 1. There is no need to resubmit information
that has already been sent to EPA's Office of Air and Radiation
or Office of Toxic Substances as part of past CFC-related
activities
or is contained in several reports referenced at the end of
today's notice. If there are any questions regarding the submission
of information, the respondent is encouraged to telephone the
EPA contact for this notice (see "For Further Information Contact"
at the beginning of today's notice).
Data received in response to today's advance notice will
be considered by EPA in its initial review of substitutes for
Class I and Class II substances. The notice of proposed rulemaking
on the SNAP program, which is anticipated in early 1992, will
provide the public with another opportunity to provide the Agency
with information on alternatives.
C. Information Needs
The Agency is requesting submitters to voluntarily provide
information on the following topics to assist in examining
substitutes
under the SNAP program:
Name and description of the substitute. To the extent possible,
the substitute should be identified by its (1) commercial name,
(2) chemical name, (3) trade name(s), (4) identification numbers
(e.g. CAS registry, NIOSH RTECS, EPA hazardous waste, OHM-TADS,
DOT/UN/NA/IMCO shipping, HSDB, NCI), (5) chemical formula, and
(6) chemical structure.
Physical and chemical information. Key properties that
should be included to characterize the substitute are: molecular
weight; physical state; melting point; boiling point; density;
odor threshold' solubility; partition coefficients (Log Kow,
Log Koc); vapor pressure; Henry's Law Constant.
Flammability concerns. Data on the flammability of a substitute
chemical or mixture are requested. Specifically, data on flash
point and flammability limits are needed, as well as information
on the procedures used for determining the flammability limits.
Detail on any abatement techniques to minimize the risks associated
with the use of flammable substances or mixtures is also helpful.
Toxicity data. Information on the human health and ecological
toxicity of substitute chemicals is needed, such as the Material
Safety Data Sheet. Any data characterizing both acute and chronic
effects are useful.
Ozone-depletion potential. The Agency is interested in
obtaining information on the ozone-depletion potential of the
substitute chemicals, if readily available.
Global-warming potential. Similarly, the Agency is also
interested in readily available data on the total global-warming
potential of the substitute chemicals.
VOC status. Information on whether the substitutes would
be regulated as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under title
I of the CAA is requested. VOCs are of concern because of their
potential to contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone.
Substitute applications. Identification of the applications
in which the substitutes are likely to be used is needed. The
respondent can utilize the use sector designations found in
section IV.B. 4. of today's notice or can provide more detail
if appropriate.
Anticipated market share. Data on the anticipated sales
of the substitute are useful. In addition, information on the
expected quantity of the substitute sold by use sector (e.g.,
number of units/products or pounds of substitute) over the next
five years would be helpful.
Availability of substitute. The Agency needs to understand
the extent to which a substitute is already commercially available
or the expected date at which it may become commercially available.
Cost of substitute. The cost of the substitute can be
expressed,
for example, in terms of $/pound (a chemical substitute) or
as capital and operating costs, as well as expected equipment
lifetime, for an alternative technology. Other critical cost
considerations should be identified, as appropriate. For example,
relative to current uses of Class I or II substances, it is
important to understand the incremental costs associated with
losses or gains in energy efficiency associated with use of
a substitute.
Required changes in technology. Detail on the changes in
technologies needed to use the alternative substance is requested.
In particular, the Agency is requesting information on whether
the substitute can be used in existing equipment-with or without
changes-or in new equipment. Data on the cost (capital and
operating)
and estimated life of the technology should also be submitted.
Relative effectiveness of the substitute. The Agency is
requesting information on the relative effectiveness of the
substitute versus the Class I or II substances being replaced.
For example, in the case of a degreasing agent, is relatively
more or less of the substitute chemical needed? This will have
an impact on the incremental cost and environmental effects
associated with use of the substitute.
Environmental release data. Available data on emissions
from the substitute application and equipment, as well as pollutant
releases or discharge to all environmental media (ambient air,
surface water, hazardous/solid waste), are needed to complete
the risk characterization. Any information on any pollution
controls used or that could be used in association with the
substitute (e.g., emissions reduction technologies, wastewater
treatment, treatment of hazardous waste) and the costs of such
technology is also requested.
Exposure data. Where available, the Agency is requesting
extant modeling or monitoring data on exposures associated with
the manufacture, formulation, transport, and use of a substitute.
Descriptive information on the processing and use of the
substitutes
would also be helpful, especially where quantitative modeling
or monitoring data are not readily available. Depending on the
application, exposure profiles will be needed for workers,
consumers,
and the general population.
Individuals responding to today's notice are requested to
provide the Agency with information on any additional factors
that the submitter believes EPA should consider in its risk
characterization of particular substitutes and use sectors.
VI. Confidential Business Information
Anyone submitting information must assert a claim of
confidentiality
at the time of submission for any data it wishes to have treated
as confidential business information (CBI) under 40 CFR, part
2, subpart B. Failure to assert a claim of confidentiality at
the time of submission may result in disclosure of the information
by the Agency without further notice.
The Bruce Company, ICF Incorporated, Radian Corporation,
and Meridian Incorporated are hereby designated as Authorized
Representatives of the Administrator of the United States
Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) for the purpose of assisting EPA in
the development and the implementation of national regulations
for the protection of stratospheric ozone, including the
development
of the Significant New Alternatives Policy Program under section
612 of the Clean Air Act.
The Authorized Representatives, under EPA Contract 68-D9-
0068 may have access to any information received by the Global
Change Division within the EPA Office of Atmospheric and Indoor
Air Programs for use in reviewing the need for possible control
of any substance, practice, process or activity that may reasonably
be anticipated to affect stratospheric ozone. In general, this
information will pertain to the feasibility, costs, and
environmental
and health impacts of using substitutes for Class I and Class
II substances. Access to such information is necessary to ensure
that the Bruce Company, ICF Incorporated, Radian Corporation,
and Meridian Incorporated can complete the work required by
the contract.
Authorized Representatives of the Administrator are subject
to the provisions of 42 U.S.C. 7414(c) respecting confidential
business information as implemented by 40 CFR 2.301(h).
VII. Paperwork Reduction Act
The information collection provisions in today's notice have
been approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) under
the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1980, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.
and has been assigned OMB control number 2060-0226.
The public-reporting burden for this one-time voluntary
collection
of information is estimated to average 16 hours per response.
This estimate includes the time needed to search existing sources,
gather and review the needed information, and prepare the package
for submission to EPA. The estimated number of respondents is
approximately 170, and the estimated total annual burden on
respondents is 2,720 hours.
Dated: January 7, 1992.
William K. Reilly,
Administrator.
References
1. U.S. EPA, Carbon Tetrachloride, Working Paper, Office
of Atmospheric and Indoor Air Programs.
2. U.S. EPA, Costs and Benefits of Phasing Out Production
of CFCs and Halons in the United States, Review Draft, Office
of Air and Radiation, November 3, 1989.
3. U.S. EPA, Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons:
Interim Report, External Review Draft, Office of Toxic Substances,
November 15, 1990.
4. U.S. EPA, Aqueous and Terpene Cleaning: Interim Report,
External Review Draft, Office of Toxic Substances, November
15, 1990.
5. U.S. EPA, Analysis of the Environmental Implications of
the Future Growth in Demand for Partially Halogenated Chlorinated
Compounds, Office of Air and Radiation, EPA 400/1-90-001, January
1990.
Table 1.-Possible Alternatives Being Considered for Review
Under the
Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program
Automotive Air Conditioners:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
HFC-134a, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124,
HCFC-22/HFC-152a/
CFC-114 (interim), cyclopropane.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Absorption, air cycles, evaporative cooling, stirling cycle
Commercial Air Conditioning:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
CFC-11 centrifugal chillers-HCFC-123, E-245
CFC-114 centrifugal chillers-HCFC-124, E-134
CFC-12 centrifugal chillers-HFC-134a
CFC-500 centrifugal chillers-HFC-134a, HFC-152a,
HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-
124.
CFC-12 reciprocating chillers-HFC-134a, HCFC-22, HFC-152a,
HCFC-22/HFC-
152a/HCFC-124.
HCFC-22 centrifugal reciprocating, and screw chillers-HFC-134a,
HFC-32,
HFC-32/HFC-125, ammonia.
b. Alternative Technologies:
HFC-134a screw, HFC-134a centrifugal absorption, lithium bromide
absorption, ammonia-water absorption, HCFC-22 screw, HCFC-22
reciprocating, HCFC-22 centrifugal.
Home Heat Pumps and Air Conditioners:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
HFC-134a, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-152a, HCFC-124, HFC-143a,
HFC-32/HFC-134a,
HFC-32/HFC-152a, HFC-32/HFC-125, HFC-32/HFC-134a/HFC-152a,
HFC-32/HFC-
143a, HFC-32/HFC-134a/HFC-152a/HFC-125, propane, butane,
fluoroethers.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Lithium bromide absorption, ammonia absorption, evaporative
cooling
Retail Food Refrigeration:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
Low temperature-HCFC-22, HFC-125, HFC-32, HFC-32/HFC-125,
HCFC-22/propane
/perfluoropropane, HCFC-22/propane/HFC-125 Medium/high
temperature-HFC-
134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-22, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124,
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-
152a, HFC-32/HFC-134a, fluoroethers, butane.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Ammonia/brine system, stirling cycle
Cold Storage Warehouses:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
Low temperature-HCFC-22, HFC-125, HFC-32, HFC-32/HFC-125,
HCFC-22/propane
/perfluoropropane, HCFC-22/propane/HFC-125, ammonia.
Medium/high temperature-HFC-134a, HFC-152a,
HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124,
HFC-32/HFC-125/HFC-152a, HFC-32/HFC-134a, fluoroethers, butane.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Ammonia/brine system, stirling cycle
Industrial Process Refrigeration:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
HCFC-22, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-123,
HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124, HCFC-22
/HFC-152a/CFC-114 (interim), HFC-32/HFC-125, propane,
cyclopropane,
ethane, butane, propylene, ammonia, chlorine.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Ammonia/brine
Refrigerated Transport:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
HCFC-22, HFC-32, HFC-134a, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124,
HCFC-22/HFC-152a/
CFC-114 (interim), propane, cyclopropane, fluoroethers.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Stirling cycle, liquid carbon dioxide, nitrogen
Household Refrigerators and Freezers:
a. Chemical substitutes:
HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-22, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124,
HCFC-22/HCFC-142b,
propane, cyclopropane, sulphur dioxide, dimethyl ether,
fluoroethers,
ammonia.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Stirling cycle, absorption (ammonia-water), Lorenz cycle/near
azeotropic
refrigerant mixtures (NARMs), e.g., HCFC-22/HCFC-141b,
HCFC-22/HCFC-123,
dual loop cycle/mixtures (e.g., HFC-152a/HCFC-142b).
Other Household Appliances:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
HFC-134a, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HFC-152a/HCFC-124,
HCFC-22/HCFC-142b,
propane, cyclopropane, sulphur dioxide, ammonia.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Stirling cycle, absorption
Solvent Cleaning:
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances
(CFC-113, MCF):
HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, HCFC-225ca, HCFC-225cb, HCFC-141b/methanol,
aqueous,
hydrocarbon-surfactant, alcohols, hydrocarbons, terpenes,
N-methyl
pyrrolidone, esters, ketones, white spirit, perfluoroalkanes,
terpene
alcohols, pentafluoropropanol, glycol ethers, petroleum
distillates,
glycol ether acetates, fluoroethers, 1,1-dichloroethane,
perchloroethylene, trichloroethylene, methylene chloride.
b. Alternative Technologies:
No-clean fluxes, plasma cleaning, ice particles, thermal vacuum
deoiling,
supercritical fluids, controlled atmosphere soldering,
pressurized gases,
ultraviolet light/ozone cleaning, low-solid fluxes, no-clean
solder
pastes, steam cleaning, solderability preservatives (organic,
polymeric,
and metallic), reactive gas soldering, conductive adhesives,
organic
acid fluxes.
Sterilization:
a. Substitutes for CFC-12, currently used as a carrier for
ethylene oxide:
HCFC-124, HFC-125, HFC-134a, carbon dioxide, nitrogen
b. Alternative Technologies:
Steam, dry heat, pure ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, peracetic
acid,
glutaraldehyde, chlorine dioxide, gaseous ozone, vapor phase
hydrogen
peroxide, ionized gas plasma, selective component
sterilization,
radiation, disposables.
Foam Blowing-Polyurethane, Flexible Slabstock:
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substance
(CFC-11):
HCFC-141b, HCFC-123, methylene chloride, increased water,
acetone, methyl
chloroform (interim), AB technology, liquid carbon dioxide.
b. Alternative Technologies:
New polyol technologies
c. Alternative products:
Fiberfill, natural latex foams, polyester batting
Foam Blowing-Polyurethane, Flexible Molded:
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substance
(CFC-11):
HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, increased water, methylene chloride, methyl
chloroform (interim).
b. Alternative Technologies:
New polyol technologies
Foam Blowing-Polyurethane, Rigid Appliance Insulation:
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances
(CFC-11 and CFC
-12):
HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HFC-134a, HFC-125,
HCFC-123/HCFC-
141b, HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, carbon dioxide from increased water,
100%
carbon dioxide, perfluoroalkanes, fluorinated ethers, pentane,
isopentane, hexane, partially fluorinated alkanes,
all-water-blown
systems, air.
b. Alternative Products:
Fiberglass, vacuum panels
Foam Blowing-Polyurethane/Polyisocyanurate Rigid Laminated
Insulation:
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances
(CFC-11 and CFC
-12):
HCFC-123, HFC-152a, HFC-125, HCFC-141b, HCFC-22,
HCFC-123/HCFC-141b, HCFC
-22/HCFC-142b, 2-chloropropane, perfluoroalkanes, 100% carbon
dioxide,
carbon dioxide from increased water, partially fluorinated
alkanes, air.
b. Alternative Products:
Expanded polystyrene, fiberboard, fiberglass
Foam Blowing-Polyurethane Rigid Spray-Applied, Slabstock, and
Poured-in-
place:
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances
(CFC-11 and CFC
-12):
HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, HCFC-22, HFC-152a, HFC-134a,
HCFC-123/HCFC-141b,
carbon dioxide from increased water, 100% carbon dioxide
(all-water-
blown), pentane, isopentane, partially fluorinated alkanes,
air.
b. Alternative Products:
Fiberglass, expanded polystyrene, etc.
Foam Blowing-Polyurethane Integral Skin and Miscellaneous
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substance
(CFC-11):
HCFC-22, HCFC-123, HCFC-141b, isopentane, pentane, butane,
methylene
chloride, air, water, acetone, partially fluorinated alkanes,
perfluorinated alkanes.
Foam Blowing-Phenolics:
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances
(CFC-11, CFC-
113):
HCFC-141b, HCFC-123, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HCFC-22/HCFC-142b,
pentane
b. Alternative Products:
Fiberglass, expanded polystyrene, etc.
Foam Blowing-Polystyrene Extruded Boardstock
a. Substitutes for currently used controlled substances (CFC-12):
HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, HFC-134a, HCFC-124, HFC-152a, hydrocarbons
b. Alternative Products:
Expandable polystyrene, fiberboard
Foam Blowing-Extruded Sheet:
a. Substitutes for currently used controlled substance (HCFC-22)
HFC-152a, HFC-134a, carbon dioxide, n-pentane, butane,
isopentane,
isobutane.
Foam Blowing, Polyolefin:
a. Substitutes for currently used controlled substances (CFC-11,
CFC-12,
CFC-114):
HCFC-22, HCFC-142b, HCFC-141b, HCFC-123, HCFC-124, HFC-134a,
HFC-152a,
butane, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, methylene chloride.
b. Alternative Products:
Paper, cardboard, expanded polystyrene
Pesticide Formulations:
a. Substitutes for CFC-113 and MCF, controlled substances
currently used as
inerts:
HCFCs, water-based with hydrocarbons, methylene chloride,
trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Alternative application methods
Aerosols/Pressurized Containers:
a. Substitutes for the currently used controlled substances
(CFC-11, CFC-12,
CFC-113, CFC-114, MCF):
HFC-125, HCFC-124, HFC-134a, HCFC-123, HCFC-22,
HCFC-123/HCFC-141b, HCFC-
22/HCFC-142b, HCFC-22/HFC-152a, water-based formulations,
isopropyl
alcohol, methylene chloride, acetone, ethanol, petroleum
distillates,
isobutane/propane, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, compressed air,
perchloroethylene, propane, isobutane, n-butane, alcohols,
ketones,
esters, chlorinated solvents.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Alternative delivery systems (e.g., pumps and pistons)
Adhesives:
a. Substitutes for MCF, currently used as a solvent in the
adhesive
formulation:
Petroleum distillates, methylene chloride, ketones, esters,
terpenes,
glycol ethers, glycol esters, perchloroethylene, glycol ether
acetates,
hydrocarbon solvents, water-based solvents.
b. Alternative Technologies:
Hot melt, high-solids, uv-curable
Coatings and inks:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
Petroleum distillates, methylene chloride, ketones, esters,
terpenes,
glycol ethers, glycol esters, diluents, terpene alcohols,
binders,
perchloroethylene, glycol ether acetates, hydrocarbon solvents.
b. Alternative technologies for current formulations containing
MCF as
solvent:
Water-based formulations, high-solids, high transfer efficiency,
thermoplastics, powder coatings, radiation curing.
Fire Extinguishing:
a. Chemical Substitutes:
Halon 1211-bromodifuoromethane (interim), HCFC-22, HCFC-123,
HFC-23, HCFC
-124, HFC-125, HCFC-123/HCFC-142b, HCFC-123/HCFC-22,
HCFC-123/HFC-23,
HCFC-123/HCFC-124, heptafluoropropane, heptafluoropropane/
bromodifluoromethane, water, aqueous film-forming foam, CO2,
perfluorinated butane, dry chemical.
Halon 1301-bromodifluoromethane (interim), HFC-125,
heptafluoropropane,
bromodifluoromethane/heptafluoropropane, water, CO2, CO2/water
hybrid,
perfluorinated butane.
EPA may evaluate some of the substitutes listed above under its
Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Program. Because this
evaluation is not yet complete, no conclusions should be drawn
about the
acceptability of any of these substitutes.
Appendix A
Section 602: Listing of
Class I and Class II Substances
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
Class I Substances
Group I
chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11)
chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12)
chlorofluorocarbon-113 (CFC-113)
chlorofluorocarbon-114 (CFC-114)
chlorofluorocarbon-115 (CFC-115)
Group II
halon-1211
halon-1301
halon-2402
Group III
chlorofluorocarbon-13 (CFC-13)
chlorofluorocarbon-111 (CFC-111)
chlorofluorocarbon-112 (CFC-112)
chlorofluorocarbon-211 (CFC-211)
chlorofluorocarbon-212 (CFC-212)
chlorofluorocarbon-213 (CFC-213)
chlorofluorocarbon-214 (CFC-214)
chlorofluorocarbon-215 (CFC-215)
chlorofluorocarbon-216 (CFC-216)
chlorofluorocarbon-217 (CFC-217)
Group IV
carbon tetrachloride
Group V
methyl chloroform
Class II Substances
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-21 (HCFC-21)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-31 (HCFC-31)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-121 (HCFC-121)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-122 (HCFC-122)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123 (HCFC-123)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124 (HCFC-124)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-131 (HCFC-131)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-132 (HCFC-132)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-133 (HCFC-133)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141 (HCFC-141)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142 (HCFC-142)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-221 (HCFC-221)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-222 (HCFC-222)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-223 (HCFC-223)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-224 (HCFC-224)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225 (HCFC-225)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-226 (HCFC-226)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-231 (HCFC-231)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-232 (HCFC-232)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-233 (HCFC-233)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-234 (HCFC-234)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-235 (HCFC-235)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-241 (HCFC-241)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-242 (HCFC-242)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-243 (HCFC-243)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-244 (HCFC-244)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-251 (HCFC-251)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-252 (HCFC-252)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-253 (HCFC-253)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-261 (HCFC-261)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-262 (HCFC-262)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-271 (HCFC-271)
[FR Doc. 92-942 Filed 1-15-92; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-M